Reel

Using a split reel allows film to be shipped or handled in a lighter and smaller form than film would on a "fixed" reel. A list of such countries is available in the pretender article. A Split Reel is a motion picture film reel in two halves that, when assembled, hold a specific length of motion picture film that has been wound on a plastic core. In many countries that are legally republics, there is an heir to the throne who is recognized by part of the nation. It runs, at sound speed, approximately the same amount of time (11-12 minutes) as a 1000 foot 35mm reel. Not only are the Monarchs of constitutive monarchies part of the federal establishment of both present elective monarchies (Malaysia, mainly sultanates, and the UAE, so named after its emirates), in many other modern states -often republics- tribal and other traditional states persist, with a dynasty that retains a court and often local prestige and influence; some are officially installed with the consent of the official government (as some of the many in Indonesia- waiting for the go-ahead can mean years of vacancy on the throne), other merely condoned, or even in exile. A 16mm "reel" is 400 feet. (see also List of countries by system of government).

Had it not been standardized (at 1000 feet of 35mm film) there would have been many difficulties in the manufacture of the related equipment. There are curently 29 active monarchies. The "reel" was established as a standard measurement because of considerations in printing motion picture film at a film laboratory, for shipping (especially the film case sizes) and for the size of the physical film magazine attached to the motion picture projector. The Constitution designates him Head of State for life with a royal style, but he will be succeeded by an elected president. A so-called "two-reeler" would have run about 20-24 minutes since the actual short film shipped to a movie theater for exhibition may have had slightly less (but rarely more) than 1000 feet on it. The president-for-life, or "o le Ao o le Malo" is Malietoa Tanumafili II, a member of one of the three princely families. This length runs approximately 12 minutes at sound speed and slightly longer at silent movie speed (which may vary from approximately 16 to 18 frames per second). Samoa is often disputably described as a monarchy.

It is traditional to discuss the length of theatrical motion pictures in terms of "reels." The standard length of a 35mm motion picture reel is 1000 feet. The last co-principality, Andorra, has two co-princes: the Bishop of Urgell in Spain (thus a Prince-Bishop), and the President of France—a unique case where an independent country's Monarch is democratically elected by the citizens of another country, which is not even in full personal union. In this case, several windings are needed to create a layer on the reel. Several popes have been succeeded by near relatives, in some cases by their own sons (officially described as nephews). In cases where the material is more uniform in cross-section (for example, a cable), the material may be safely wound around a reel that is wider than its width. (Since the Catholic episcopate is celibate, naturally there can be no official hereditary succession to the papal throne.) Notwithstanding this the papacy has often been under the control of powerful Italian families. With material such as photographic film that is flat and long but is relatively wide, the material generally is stored in successive single layers. He is elected by (and customarily from among) the College of Cardinals.

Also sometimes the core may be made larger to allow for stuff to be mounted on it, as in the case of an extension reel for example. In addition to his spiritual role as Supreme Pontiff, the Pope is the absolute Monarch of the Vatican City. However there is a limit to how tightly the stored material can be wound without damaging it and this limits how small the core can be. Another unique situation is Malaysia, in which the federal king, called the Yang di-Pertuan Agong or Paramount Ruler, is elected for a five year term from and by the nine sultans who are the hereditary rulers of the States of the Malay peninsula. A smaller core will obviously allow more material to be stored in a given space. Sometimes, component members of federal states are monarchies, even though the federal state as a whole is not; for example each of the emirates that form the United Arab Emirates has its own monarch (an emir). The size of the core is dependent on several factors. See also abolished monarchies for a list of recently abolished monarchies.

In some cases the core is hollow, although other items may be mounted on it, and grips may exist for mechanically turning the reel. A person who claims to be the legitimate heir to a deposed (or is in the royalist view suspended) monarchy is called a pretender. Generally a reel has a cylindrical core and walls on the sides to retain the material wound around the core. Countries may regard themselves as monarchies without a named monarch, as Spain did from 1947 to 1975, and Hungary from 1920 to 1944. A reel is an object around which lengths of another material (usually long and flexible) are wound for storage. In some cases, as with England and Spain, the monarchy has been overthrown and then restored. Most rope and cable is supplied on reels. There may be a revolution in which the monarchy is overthrown; or, as in Italy, there may be a referendum in which the electorate decides to form a republic.

A reel is used on a fishing rod to wind the fishing line up. Monarchies can come to an end in several ways. See family dictatorship. Some autocratic states can appear to have introduced inheritance for the head of state without declaring themselves to be monarchies, such as Syria and North Korea. This has been challenged as violating EU rules that prohibit religious disqualification for positions of state authority.

Currently, there is some controversy over the succession laws of some monarchies in the European Union (EU), such as that of the United Kingdom (UK) or the Scandinavian monarchies, which require their Monarch to be of a certain faith (in the UK under the Act of Settlement 1701). In earlier times, the succession was often unclear and this led to a number of wars. The order of succession in most European monarchical states of the 21st century is by primogeniture, meaning the eldest son of the monarch is first in line, followed by his male, then female siblings in order of age. In some cases the ruling family may claim to hold authority by virtue of God's choosing, as reflected in the stle-phrase by the Grace of God, or other religion-based authority.

In the hereditary system, the position of Monarch involves inheritance according to an order of succession, usually within one royal family tracing its origin back to a historical dynasty or bloodline. Elective monarchies, distinguished by the Monarchs being appointed for life, have in most cases been succeeded by hereditary monarchies, but both secular sovereign nation cases at present are 20th century creations. In constitutional monarchies the rule of succession is generally embodied in a law passed by a representative body, such as a parliament. The rules for selection of Monarchs varies from country to country.

In other cases, such as England and Scotland, a personal union was the precursor to a merger of the states. Several former colonies of the British Empire, such as Australia, Canada, Jamaica, and New Zealand, continue to recognize the British Monarch as their own, under a separate title for each country. An empire was traditionally ruled by a monarchy whose leader may have been known by different titles in his different realms. On several occasions throughout history, the same person has served as Monarch of separate independent states, in a situation known as a personal union.

The most famous example of this was general Napoleon Bonaparte who created himself Emperor of France (formerly a kingdom) after legally assuming political control of the French Republic as First Consul for life; a blatant imitation of his empire was that of Bokassa I in the very poor Central African Empire. There have also been situations in which a dictator proclaimed himself Monarch of a previous republic, thus starting a self-proclaimed monarchy with no historical ties to a previous dynasty. Spain under Francisco Franco was officially a monarchy even though there was no monarch on the throne; upon his death, Franco was succeeded as head of state by King Juan Carlos. In Fascist Italy a monarchy coexisted with a fascist party for longer than such co-existences occurred in Romania, Hungary or Greece.

In some cases, a hereditary monarchy exists, but actual power resides in the military, as often has been the case in Thailand and Japan (see Shogun). Modern versions tend to survive only in societies with sufficient technology to allow the concentration and organization of power, but not to allow education and rapid communication The economic structure of such monarchies is often of concentrated wealth, with the majority of the population living either as agricultural serfs, or, as in Gulf Monarchies, a paternalistic model showering benefits on the citizens (while politically they may remain subjects) and importing cheap foreign labor. In an absolute monarchy, the Monarch has power over every aspect of the state, and a constitution may be granted or withdrawn, while in a constitutional monarchy he is subject to it as well as any citizen (though it may grant him such priviliges as inviolability). .

Nepal saw several contradictory trends related to the violent rebel movement and the killings by the suicidal crown prince. There are also recent (2003) developments in Liechtenstein, wherein the regnant prince was given the Constitutional power to dismiss the government at will. In Jordan and Morocco, the Monarch retains considerable power. Among the few states that have absolute monarchies are Swaziland, Brunei, Bhutan, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait.

In England, this process began with the Magna Carta of 1215, although it did not reach democratic proportions until after the Glorious Revolution in 1689. Democratic countries which retain monarchy have by definition limited the monarch's power, with most having become constitutional monarchies. Since 1800, many of the world's monarchies have ceased to have a monarch and become republics, or become parliamentary democracies. Even where law is simply the monarch's will, the king must rule by custom.

Other Monarchs derived their power by acclamation of the ruling or of the warrior caste of a clan or group of clans: Kings of the Franks, Roman emperors. The Monarch often ruled at the pleasure of the deity and was overthrown or sacrificed when it became apparent that supernatural sanction had been withdrawn: emperor of China, Mayan kings, Achaemenid King of Kings of Persia. Many monarchies began with the Monarch as the local representative and temporary embodiment of the deity: (King of Babylon). Monarchies are one of the oldest forms of government, with echoes in the leadership of tribal chiefs.

In some cases, the symbolism of monarchy alongside the symbolism of democracy can lead to division over the apparently contradictory principles. Many states have a strong convention against the monarch becoming involved in partisan politics (the Central African Empire was an exception). In most countries with monarchies, the monarch serves as a symbol of continuity and statehood. establishment, or to the realm or other state over which the monarchy reigns.

The term monarchy is also used to refer to the people (especially the dynasty, also known as 'royalty') and institutions that make up the royal/imperial.. There are currently 29 extant monarchies in the world. The distinguishing characteristic of monarchy is that the Head of State holds their office for life, unlike in a republic, where a president is normally elected for a certain amount of time. A monarchy, (from the Greek monos, "one," and archein, "to rule") is a form of government that has a monarch as Head of State.